History of Throgs Neck and Maritime College Essay -- essays research p

History of Throgs Neck and Maritime College.In September 1642, John Throgmorton , with 35 families applied to the Dutch authorities in Niew Amsterdam for permission to settle in. Permission was granted in October 1642, and the conlonists settled on the long neck lying south of what is Eastchester utter today and named it Throgmortons Neck after their leader. By the time of the American Revolution, the name had been contracted to Throggs Neck. Throgmorton and his colony thrived for short time, for in the later depart of 1643, the Siwanoy Indians attacked the colony and destroyed it. Eighteen persons were massacred. Fortunately, at the time of the attack, a passing boat managed to land at the Neck and helped the remaining colonist to escape to safety. Throgmorton get away but didnt return to his colony after the massacre. (Hamilton, Harlan. Throgs Neck Light. 1-2)Fort is built at Throgs Neck.As New York City developed into the nations largest seaport and work center, the strategi c value of Throgs Neck as a site for defense of the seaward approaches to the city from Long Island Sound became apparent. Construction of a fort was considered in 1818, and on July 26, 1826, the federal government purchased fifty-two acres of land from William Bayard. Construction of a fort began in 1833 with I.L. Smith as the architect. New England stone masons erected the thickly walls of the fort using granite blocks ferried down from Greenwich, Connecticut. Irish laborers did much of ...

Comparing the Oedipus of Sophocles and Senaca :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing the Oedipus of Sophocles and Senaca The myth of Oedipus is one of a man brought down by forces aligning against him. everywhere the years, different defendwrights have interpreted his character in various fashions. In Sophocles Oedipus the King, Oedipus is a man who is blind to the path on which his questions take him and exemplifies the typical magisterial leader in ancient times in Senacas Oedipus, it is the fear of his questions that give Oedipus a greater depth of character, a depth he essential overcome if he is to survive his ordeal. Sophocles creates a character of extreme wrath and ferocity to deal with the source of the blight on the city. He curses out the killer of King Laius, the killer who has brought the blight. Upon the murderer I invoke this curse whether he is one man and all unknown or one of many whitethorn he wear out if life in misery and doom If with my knowledge he lives at my hearth I pray that I myself olfactory modality my curse. On you I lay my charge to fulfill all of this for me, for the God, and for this land of our destroyed and blighted, by the God forsaken (Soph. O.T. 245-254). When it is suggested that Oedipus himself could be the source of the plague, his anger emerges in plenteous force. (Truth has strength,) but not for you (Teiresias) it has no strength for you because you are blind in chief and ears as well as in your eyes (Soph. O.T. 370-371). The Oedipus of Senacas play is not nearly so rash. He seems to dread what will come from his exploration into the death of Laius, even though the condition of his city is just as terrible as that of Sophocles. I shudder, wondering which way fate will steer. My shaky mood could waver either way. When joys and griefs so close together lie, the mind is doubtful. How much should one see? How much is best to know? Im dubious (Sen. Oed. 204-208). This Oedipus even has thoughts that the plague might have something to do with him, that his blueprint might be the pollu tion that has descended upon the city (Sen. Oed. 40). It is this anxiety that Seneca wishes to bring out in his play, one of the emotions that are the downfall of man.

World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Essay -- Commerce GATT Argum

introduction vocation nerve is the Way to GoEver since piece has been engaged in international commerce, trade disputes have existed. Adam Smith observed trade disputes over 220 years ago in The wealthiness of Nations. In Smiths eyes, if a trading partner call ind restrictions on your exports, then you had the aright to retaliate and impose restrictions on their imports. He felt that slanted trade dispute settlement was the right thing to do. However, Smiths answer to settling trade disputes was shortsighted. In an era where his syndicate country, England, was the superpower of its time, Smith could not envision the creation of an international organization to regulate trade and commerce around the world. With the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the world is capable of handling trade disputes between nations. The creation of the WTO and its improvements upon the GATT framew ork have proven that trade disputes are better colonized through a multilateral arranging and not unilaterally.The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 was a step in the right direction for handling trade disputes. At that time there was no international dispute settlement trunk in effect. Countries divvy upd disputes either bilaterally or unilaterally. However, the GATT dispute settlement system was rather weak and not used effectively. More than often countries abused it or simply ignored it. Even with these faults, the GATT provided a strong foundation for the WTO to be built upon after the Uruguay Round.The United States took advantage of the weakness of the GATT dispute settlement system use its own unilateral methods to handle di... ... January 1998. Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints. Working Paper. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Available at https//wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/sec01/sec01.htmlSmith, A dam. 1776 (1981 reprint). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis Liberty Fund.Valihora, Michael S. Spring/ summer 1998. NAFTA Chapter 19 or the WTOs Dispute Settlement Body A Hobsons Choice for Canada? Case westbound Reserve Journal of International Law. account book 30 Numbers 2, 3, pages 447-487.World Trade Organization. February 1998. Case StudyThe Timetable in Practice. Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute3.htmWorld Trade Organization. February 1998. WTO, Settling Disputes The WTOs around individual contribution Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute1.htm World Trade Organization is the Way to Go Essay -- Commerce GATT ArgumWorld Trade Organization is the Way to GoEver since man has been engaged in international commerce, trade disputes have existed. Adam Smith observed trade disputes over 220 years ago in The Wealth of Nations. In Smiths eyes, if a trading partner imposed restrictions o n your exports, then you had the right to retaliate and impose restrictions on their imports. He felt that unilateral trade dispute settlement was the right thing to do. However, Smiths answer to settling trade disputes was shortsighted. In an era where his home country, England, was the superpower of its time, Smith could not foresee the creation of an international organization to regulate trade and commerce around the world. With the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the world is capable of handling trade disputes between nations. The creation of the WTO and its improvements upon the GATT framework have proven that trade disputes are better settled through a multilateral system and not unilaterally.The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 was a step in the right direction for handling trade disputes. At that time there was no international dispute se ttlement system in effect. Countries handled disputes either bilaterally or unilaterally. However, the GATT dispute settlement system was rather weak and not used effectively. More than often countries abused it or simply ignored it. Even with these faults, the GATT provided a strong foundation for the WTO to be built upon after the Uruguay Round.The United States took advantage of the weakness of the GATT dispute settlement system use its own unilateral methods to handle di... ... January 1998. Explaining Patterns of GATT/WTO Trade Complaints. Working Paper. Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. Available at https//wwwc.cc.columbia.edu/sec/dlc/ciao/wps/sec01/sec01.htmlSmith, Adam. 1776 (1981 reprint). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis Liberty Fund.Valihora, Michael S. Spring/Summer 1998. NAFTA Chapter 19 or the WTOs Dispute Settlement Body A Hobsons Choice for Canada? Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. Volume 30 Nu mbers 2, 3, pages 447-487.World Trade Organization. February 1998. Case StudyThe Timetable in Practice. Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute3.htmWorld Trade Organization. February 1998. WTO, Settling Disputes The WTOs most individual contribution Available at http//www.wto.org/wto/about/dispute1.htm

U.S. Constitution :: essays research papers

     The document I chose to write about is the United States typography. When the thirteen British colonies in North America declared their independence in 1776, they laid down that governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. The colonies had to establish a government, which would be the framework for the United States. The purpose of a compose constitution is to define and therefore much specifically limit government powers. After the Articles of Confederation failed to work in the 13 colonies, the U.S. Constitution was created in 1787.     The Constitution is important because it was expressly designed to limit powers into three co-ordinate outgrowthes, the legislative, executive, and judiciary branch none of which was to have supremacy over the others. This separation of powers with the checks and balances which each branch was given over the others was designed to prevent any bra nch, from infringing individual liberties safeguarded by the Constitution. I think the U.S. Constitution was a way for the U.S. to establish government which was a negotiation between the two former governments, a monarchy and total state power. I think by creating the checks and balances, peoples rightfulnesss would be safer and they would feel more secure not having one branch of government with absolute power. What I found most interesting about the Constitution was how complex and detailed the framers make it, to effectively explain and limit the individual branches of power in government. In the words of Thomas Paine, "a government without a constitution is power without right". Meaning that for power to be granted, it is necessary to establish a constitution.     The Federalist Papers 10 & 51 were essays which helped persuade the citizens of the United States to vote for the federal Constitution. throng Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay used pseudonyms as their names to convince the public. Those who were skeptical of voting for a government, which had many different major powers, were reassured by the understructure fathers in their speeches and conventions throughout the U.S.     The importance of Constitution, both in its content and its status, is little appreciated by the general public.

Jet Airways :: Case Study

IntroductionAccounting is the pillar of every company to measure its growth, loss, revenue , capital, its really specify the real name in foam of figures and whatsoevertimes in tables, in accounting there ar certain rules ar obtained to make more accuracy while play with figures.To apply and the all rules of gameof an business we taking an aviation company known as fount Airways before we get into, here are some intro points about this company.History Jet Airways was found in 1st April 1992 by Mr. Naresh Goyal and they started their operation after one year may 5th 1993, Jet began international operations from Chennai to Colombo in March 2004. The company was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Jet airways Indias second major airline in terms of market shares after Indigo airlines based at Mumbai known as Indias economic capital in addition to macrocosm its Indias widest network with 3000 flights a day with 76 destinations worldwide, main operations are handle from Mumba i but secondary hubs are Delhi (Nation Capital of India) Kolkata and Bangalore, It has an international hub at capital of Belgium Airport, Belgium.Founder &Management Naresh Goyal, the founder Chairman of Jet Airways, Indias premier airline, has over 4 decades of experience in the Civil Aviation industry.After graduating in commerce in 1967. Mr Goyal begin his travel business with GSA for Lebanese international airline, himself chairman holding 80% of company shares.Currently this airline running with half-dozen boards of directors1.Mr. Javed Akthar 2.Mr. Iftikar M. Kadr3.Mr. Aman Mehta4.Mr. James Hogan5.Mr. Gaurang Shetty6.Mr. James RigneyAfter an overview of jet airways now we mould its ratios and figuresAccounting Principles & StandardsAccounting principles are main consideration , certain standards like rules of operations are pillar characteristicis to built accounting statements. Accounting principles can be presented in many ways, sometimes its create confusion for re aders mainly for beginners, but still acoounting principles are main tool to obtained financial statements. Its hold the whole acoounting process together.In order to make useful, there are some characteristics such as being practical and dependable. As a dependable for it must be acurate, unbiased and verifiable and practically accounting information must be compareable, prepared in a time frame, user friendly, consistent and able to differentiate.In accounting beside these characteristics, certain operational rules are obtained are followingHow a firm matched their revenue with expensesAt what time expenses are revenue has been reported

Jet Airways :: Case Study

IntroductionAccounting is the pillar of every high society to measure its growth, loss, gross , peachy, its really specify the real terms in foam of figures and sometimes in tables, in accounting there ar certain rules be obtained to birth more accuracy while playing with figures.To apply and the all rules of gameof an business we taking an aviation company known as Jet Airways in the beginning we get into, here are some intro points about this company.History Jet Airways was found in 1st April 1992 by Mr. Naresh Goyal and they started their operation after angiotensin-converting enzyme year may 5th 1993, Jet began international operations from Chennai to Colombo in March 2004. The company was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Jet airways Indias second major airline in terms of market shares after Indigo airlines based at Mumbai known as Indias economic capital in addition to being its Indias widest network with 3000 flights a day with 76 destinations worldwide, main op erations are handle from Mumbai but secondary hubs are Delhi (Nation Capital of India) Kolkata and Bangalore, It has an international hub at Brussels Airport, Belgium.Founder &Management Naresh Goyal, the founder Chairman of Jet Airways, Indias premier airline, has over 4 decades of experience in the Civil Aviation industry.After graduating in commerce in 1967. Mr Goyal begin his travel business with GSA for Lebanese international airline, himself chairman holding 80% of company shares.Currently this airline running with six boards of directors1.Mr. Javed Akthar 2.Mr. Iftikar M. Kadr3.Mr. Aman Mehta4.Mr. James Hogan5.Mr. Gaurang Shetty6.Mr. James RigneyAfter an overview of jet airways now we mould its ratios and figuresAccounting Principles & StandardsAccounting principles are main attachment , certain standards like rules of operations are pillar characteristicis to built accounting statements. Accounting principles can be presented in many ways, sometimes its create water iness for readers mainly for beginners, but still acoounting principles are main tool to obtained financial statements. Its hold the whole acoounting process together.In order to make useful, there are some characteristics such as being practical and dependable. As a dependable for it must be acurate, unbiased and verifiable and practically accounting randomness must be compareable, prepared in a time frame, user friendly, consistent and able to differentiate.In accounting beside these characteristics, certain operational rules are obtained are followingHow a firm matched their revenue with expensesAt what time expenses are revenue has been reported

Does Economic Wealth Lead to Well-Being

Does Economic Wealth Lead To Well-being? In 1974, USC Professor Easterlin put forward that indoors a country the rich have spiriteder average subjective eudaemonia (SWB) than the poor. Nevertheless, the average SWB is uncorrelated with income between rich countries and poor countries. For example, the Gallup poll of 2012 well-being from Livescience website (2011) shows that Panama has 61% of people who said they are thriving, which had a greater score than the USA. The modern economy based on the opinion that the growth in the economy can lead to SWB increases.Surprisingly, economic growth does not bring more happiness. Therefore, this is the Easterlin Paradox. One explanation is ignoring variables, in the first part of this essay, noneconomic factors such as health, environment or family depart be discussed, and these factors allow for counteract the positives of riches. Then the second part will account for why economic wealth cannot beat happiness. There is also a certain am ount of opinion to support economic wealth give rise to happiness. It will be presented by discussing gross domestic product issues in part three.Well-being does not only depend on economic factors, but it also be influenced by work, environment, health or family relations and so on The Weighted Index of Social Progress sees Sweden, Denmark and zero(prenominal)way on top, while the Happy Planet Index sees Colombia and Costa Rica among the leaders (Measures of Well-being, 2006). And a few South American countries SWB is as high as developed countries such as Puerto Rico, or Guatemala. The above cases show that economy is one of the elements in estimating SWB. It is evidence that economic wealth results in the working burden raising dramatically.Working pressure disrupts the staffs life balance and thousands of work makes staff feel anxious every day. As the economy grows rapidly, the environment is polluted heavily. It is evident that the quality of environment decreasing gives ris e to individuals SWB fall. Another contributing factor is health which is regarded as the some all important(predicate) aspect by the majority of people. Better health conditions give people confidence as well as well-being. Sometimes, individuals are entangled with family issues, and the negative personal effects from family cancel out the positive effects from economic income.If a government considers increasing SWB, it should make more in policies that promote good governance, liberties, democracy, trust and public safety (Why Money Doesnt Buy Happiness, 2011). Personal satisfaction lies in diverse factors, and earning does not play a major role. Section 2 will be devoted to the two explanations why gross domestic product cannot measure the real SWB, especially in developed countries. A United Nations reported that the UK is only the eighteenth happiest place to last (British people are more base than Costa Ricans and Israelis, UN finds, 2012). Firstly, direct case of a rab bit eats carrot.A rabbit finds a get on filled with a large quantity of carrots while the rabbit is going to starve to dying. Apparently the rabbit will gobble down the carrots, but the carrots will be become less attractive when the rabbit is almost full. According to the story, in rich countries the SWB rises up to a particular baksheesh, but it will neer go beyond point. That is the reason why advanced countries (for example, USA, UK, France and Germany) SWB was not ranked in the top position. In reality, money is the carrot. The meaning of 100 dollars is significantly variant between beggars and billionaires.When economy develops to a certain extent, economic factors cannot measure happiness because there are several variables to act on the SWB simultaneously. An amount of factors were introduced at the polish paragraph. The second explanation is more psychological. The major determinant of SWB is the relative life condition (comparing with people in the selfsame(prenomina l) level) rather than the real life condition. be more specific, if one individual has better living condition than the other people who live in the same area, the one is more satisfied. This psychological affinity is called keep up with the Joneses.For this reason, the SWB will not change even if economic growth brings about rising incomes. For instance, on the one hand, country people live in the countryside and local residents lead the similar country life. On the other hand, people who live in urban areas lead completely diverse lives. Their companionable circles usually have a great turning of affluent individuals, so the psychological pressure which is caused by the wealth comparison is greater than the happiness of high income. There are also positive views to support economic growth leads to SWB.To be empirical, countries with a lower GDP typically have more problems. victorious an example of Africa, according to the graph of geography of happiness from the Economist we bsite (2010), countries at the bottom (mostly African) had lower score (The rich, the poor and Bulgaria, 2010). Most areas of Africa are rural. Africans now clearly desire a better life. Although rich countries are clearly happier, the correlation is not perfect (The rich, the poor and Bulgaria, 2010). In the research of assistant professor Stevenson, they take a 0 to 10 life satisfaction scale to survey the work.People who live in the rich countries place themselves around 7 and 8. At the same time, people in the poor countries consider themselves at about 3. As the matter of fact, increasing GDP can raise average satisfaction. For instance, nations with booming GDP imply government can spend more capital on health care, education or environmental protection. It is not apparent that a laager GDP measures citizens health, education or intelligence directly, but it does continue to contribute to citizens life. This paragraph provides a summary and a discussion of more or less extens ions of this paper.Firstly, basic needs are meet differences in well-being are less frequently due to income, and more frequently due to factors such as social relationships and enjoyment at work (Why money doesnt buy happiness, 2007), different variables influence SWB jointly. Secondly, two explanations were presented to interpret that GDP cannot measure the real SWB. The saturating point exists in the process of economic development promotes SWB, and then the economic factors will not be crucial. What is more, the psychological comparison is a vital determinant in SWB, though the income rising expressively brings plentiful happiness.Thirdly, GDP can increase national SWB authentically. To individuals, large income raises SWB in the short term. There are a number of separable components of SWB (Diener, 2000). Thus, money does not buy happiness. SWB is difficult to be calculated and can be measured in different ways. Happiness, as the ultimate goal, requires the most encompassing me asure (measuring of well-being, 2006). Bibliography 1. Deutsche Bank Research, 2006, Measures of Well-being. Available from http//www. dbresearch. com/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_EN-PROD/PROD0000000000202587. PDF Accessed 19 April 2012 2.Dinener, E. 2000. Subjective Well-being The Science of Happiness and Proposal for a National Index. American Psychologist, vol. 55, No. 1, 34-43. 3. Livesciene, 2011, Top 19 Happiest Countries (and the 20 saddest). Available from http//www. livescience. com/13790-19-happiest-countries-20-saddest. hypertext markup language Accessed 16 April 2012 4. The Daily Beast, 2007, Why Money Doesnt Buy Happiness. Available from http//www. thedailybeast. com/newsweek/2007/10/14/why-money-doesn-t-buy-happiness. html Accessed 19 April 2012 5. The Economist, 2010, Comparing Countries. The rich, the poor and Bulgaria.Money really can buy you happiness. Available from http//www. economist. com/node/17722557. html Accessed 26 April 2012 6. The Telegraph, 2012, British people ar e more miserable than Costa Ricans and Israelis, UN finds. Available from http//www. thetelegraph. co. uk/lifestyle/9184916/British-people-are-more-miserable-than-Costa-Ricans-and-Isrealis-UN-finds. html Accessed 4 May 2012 7. Yale School of management, What Are the Economics of Happiness? Available from http//bpp. wharton. upenn. edu/betseys/press%20reaction/Easterlin%20Paradox/YaleSOMInterview. pdf Accessed 26 April 2012

Idea of Belonging

The idea of belong is an important and funda workforcetal value in our lives. Belonging most commonly emerges from experience and notions of identity, relationships, acceptance and understanding. The sense of belong is represented in various ways throughout texts such asAncestor by Peter Skrzynecki and China Coin. Each of the texts has a considerable range of ideas on how belonging is created though personal experiences and notion of acceptance and understanding.In Ancestors Peter Skrzynecki expresses a detachment from ancestors resulting in a lack of belonging in terms of relationship and understanding. Being separated from his heritage, the speaker experiences a kind of guilt about not being attached to his parents culture, but in addition a sense that this issue will have to be resolved, even if doing so may involve some distress and turmoil. The use of active utter in the poem shows there are no passive voice verbs at all his need to do something about the problem of belongi ng.The bearded, faceless men represent the shadow/spirit of his ancestors but the speaker may similarly be actually referring to photographs he has seen of these ancestors standing shoulder to shoulder which also depicts the virtuoso of these ancestors and the force they create is firm in his mind and forces him to find out what his roots are. The eyes never close shows that the moment is still and may be evidence that he is in a dream partly based on looking at such photos. A questioning tone also carries on throughout the poem.This questioning is about his identity though examination of the past which is represented by the ancestors, creating a sense of reflection and investigation on his relationship to his ancestors. But we can see that throughout the poem Skrzynecki is refusing to explore the past of these ancestors because he is afraid of the tainted, torturous past which stops him continued searching for a home To what star do their footprints lead? This not only evokes h is fear of the past but also shows that his uncertainty about re-rooting to his ancestral culture.The ancestors neer speak implying that those ancestors communicate to you in some other way. The poem is mainly a nightmare about the idea of ancestry/belonging, and Skrzynecki uses the blood allusion in The run up tastes of blood to show that the root is in our blood which connects us to our ancestors. However, the speakers sense of alienation from his ancestors has blocked his ability to belong and find the relationship between him and the ancestors. Blood therefore limits our understanding of our past, which is what we originally belong to. Comparing to Peter Skrzynecki, Leah in The China Coin chooses to belong with her mum and her friends and being affirmative and happy. At beginning, Leahs relationship with her mum Joan was strained since she refers to her as the evil aunt Joan,evil aunt is a technique of metaphor,it shows nagetive feelings Joan is a technique of 3 rd person wh ich shows the space between Leah & Joan.Espicially when Leah is lost during the student protest and result in a huge arguement with JoanIts your rotten China. presents again a big difference from Both Joan and Leah,through the violence on your and from China with the describtive word rotten Comparing to Peters relationship with his school and folk museum, Leahs realtionship with her mum at first was even more unstisfactory . But instead than running away and belonging to someone else,Leah has stayed with her mum and tried to fix this relationship.When she decides to end the conflict with her mother and rebuild the relationship,saying Its overLeah took Joans hand and squeezedweve been through a lot,ehThe action of squeezing echoes they are becoming closer. While Leah decided to belong to her Chinese culture,she also finds a second home. Even though Leah is reserved,the warmth and acceptance of this family draw her in,its also for the first time Leah was thinking of Joans family as her family. further more,Leah again builds relationships with family members Ke, Linan and uncle Tong.When the other half of the coin falls from the croll. Leahs reaction is positiveLi-Nan impoverished her pounded her on the back and called her sister The symbolism of the strong hug and approval by Li Nan shows her acceptance into this family. Leah also build a peculiar(prenominal) relationship with her cousin Ke. When Joans in the hospital,Ke becomes the only one who Leah can depend on. She decides to build a relationship with him in order to belong with him. Since then,Ke refers to Leah with the word agree,This typical Australian word presents Ke accepted Leah and her clture.Also mates a very positive word. It shows a positive relationship with community thats what it exactly represents here. Comparing to Peters homeless, Leah both(prenominal) physically and mentally chooses to belong,therefore,she gets a positive and good result. Each of the texts shows us a strong will to be long and we can see that the ways people achieve belonging emerge from all these elements. Therefore it can be said that the texts have provided a wide range of ideas on belonging that financing the statement that a sense of belonging can emerge from experiences and notions of acceptance and understanding.

Micro Econ Exam Review

Characteristics of competitive market places (3) There must be many buyers and sellers, none of whom can have a macroscopic market share, a few players cannot dominate the market. Firms must produce a standardized product, buyers must see all their products as equivalent. (Identical (Homogeneous) Products), Firms and resources are typically full mobile, allowing free exit and entry. These three conditions make all consumers and producers price- takers. Models Section 12. 2 Market Market Assumptions Firm The firm is a make headway maximizing firm.The undivided firm can sell all they can at the market price. Each exclusive firm supplies only a small portion of market supply, and therefore cant manipulate the market price. The firm Is a price-taker they take the market price as given. 2. Profit Minimization The firm will maximize profit at the output level that has the greatest difference between Revenues + greet. The firm can/will profit maximize where Marginal Revenue (MR..) = M arginal Cost (mackintosh). Since the perfectly competitive firm is a price taker P=MR Therefore, the profit maximizing condition can be written MR..=MAC or FEM.. (SameCondition). If MR.. MAC then Increase Output. If MAC MR.. Then Decrease Output. Model Section 12. 3 Finding the Profit Maximizing Level of Output Model 1 OFF Determine if the firm is generating economic profits, economic losses, or Zero economic profits. NOTE cost curves include both implicit + explicit be + can therefore be used to determine economic profits or losses. 4 Step Process 1 . Determine the profit maximizing level of output (where MR..=MAC). 2. Calculate total revenue = Price x Quantity 3. Calculate total cost = TACT x Quantity (TACT is invariably U Shaped) 4. Compare TRY + ETCIf TRY ETC then Con. Profits If ETC TRY then Con. Losses If TRY = ETC then Zero Con. Profits 5. Models on coterminous page. Section 12. 4 Economic Profits Economic Loss Zero Economic Profits Economic Profits firm is generating enough revenue to blanket accounting cost + opposing cost of resources employed. (Covering both explicit + implicit costs) Indicates an efficient allocation of scarce economic resources. Economic Losses firm whitethorn be screen act. Cost but they are not covering the pop. Cost of resources employed. Indicates an inefficient allocation of scarce economic resources. Long Run analytic thinking If existing firms are generating economic profits it will result in outside firms/ resources to enter the market. Models below Section 12. 5 Individual Firm Individual firms will continue to enter the market until all economic profits have been competed away. In long-run equilibrium all firms will be left over(p) generating zero profit. If existing firms are generating Con. Loss Left with 2 options 1. Continue operating 2. Shut down (temporarily stop producing) If the firm is at least covering bag. Variable cost (PVC) they would be best off to

How to Play Chess

Learn How to Play Chess The Rules Its never to late to learn how to play cheating the close to popular enlivened in the world If you argon totally new to the gamy or even want to learn all of the rules and strategies, sound out on History of Chess Special Rules Chess960 Starting a Game Check & reduce Basic Strategies & Openings How the Pieces Move Draws & Repetition Getting Better at Chess picPrefer to watch a video? Click here to learn darnel secret plan with a 15 minute video pic History of Chess The origins of chess be non exactly clear, though most believe it evolved from earlier chess-like games played in India almost twain thousand years ago. The game of chess we bop today has been around since the 15th century where it became popular in Europe. The Goal of Chess Chess is a game played between two obstructers on opposite sides of a board containing 64 full-strength ups of alternating colors. Each imposter has 16 pieces 1 pouf, 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, 2 knights, and 8 drenchs.The goal of the game is to retrovertmate the separate king. Checkmate happens when the king is in a position to be captured (in check) and cannot escape from capture.At the beginning of the game the chess board is laid out so that each imposter has the white (or light) color foursqu atomic number 18 in the bottom right-hand side. The chess pieces are then staged the same way each time. The second row (or rank) is filled with musical instruments. The rooks go in the corners, then the knights neighboring to them, followed by the bishops, and finally the queen, who unendingly goes on her protest matching color (white queen on white, black queen on black), and the king on the remaining square. The player with the white pieces always hunt downs primary.Therefore, players generally finalise who will get to be white by chance or luck such as flipping a coin or having one player guess the color of the hidden pawn in the other players hand. White then make s a remind, followed by black, then white again, then black and so on until the end of the game. How the Chess Pieces Move Each of the 6 different kinds of pieces jaunts differently. Pieces cannot move through and through other pieces (though the knight can jump over other pieces), and can never move onto a square with one of their own pieces. However, they can be moved to take the place of an opponents piece which is then captured.Pieces are generally moved into positions where they can capture other pieces (by landing on their square and then replacing them), defend their own pieces in case of capture, or control important squares in the game. The King The king is the most important piece, but is one of the weakest. The king can yet move one square in any bearing up, down, to the sides, and diagonally. Click on the button in the diagram below to see how the king can move around the board. The king may never move himself into check (where he could be captured). picpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawn procession picpicpicpic 1. Kd4 Kf6 2. Kd5 Kf5 3. Kd6 Ke4 4. Ke7 Kd4 5. Ke6 Kc5 6. Kf5 Kd5 7. Kf4 Ke6 8. Ke4 pic Copy/ glue the code below into your webpage or blog html to boasting this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIP distribute ANALYZE PGN The Queen The queen is the most powerful piece. If moved she can move in any one straight direction forward, backward, sideways, or diagonally as far as practicable as retentive as she does not move through any of her own pieces. And, like with all pieces, if the queen captures an opponents piece her move is over. Click through the diagram below to see how the queen move.Notice how the white queen captures the black queen and then the black king is forced to move. picpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. Qg4 Qa8 2. Qg7 Qa2 3. Qc7 Qg8 4. Qb6 Qe6+ 5. Qxe6+ Kd8 pic Copy/ facing pages the code below into you r webpage or blog html to give away this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN The Rook The rook may move as far as it wants, but only(prenominal) forward, backward, and to the sides. The rooks are particularly powerful pieces when they are protecting each other and working together picpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. Rh7 Rc8 2. Rb6 Rc1+ 3. Kd2 Ra1 4. Rb8 pic Copy/ spreading the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN The Bishop The bishop may move as far as it wants, but only diagonally. Each bishop starts on one color (light or dark) and must always stay on that color. Bishops work well together because they cover up each others weaknesses. picpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. Bc4 Be7 2. Bf4 Bd7 3. Bb8 Bg4 4. Bb5+ Kf7 5. Be5 Bh5 6. Bc 4+ Kg6 7. Bd3+ Kg5 8. Bh7 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN The Knight Knights move in a very different way from the other pieces going two squares in one direction, and then one more move at a 90 degree angle, just like the shape of an L. Knights are also the only pieces that can move over other pieces. picpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. Ne2 Nc6 2. Nd2 Nf6 3. Nf1 Ne5 4. Kf2 Nh5 5. Ne3 Nf6 6. Nf5 Ne4+ 7. Ke3 Nc5 8. Nc1 Nd7 9. Ng3 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN The Pawn Pawns are unusual because they move and capture in different ways they move forward, but capture diagonally. Pawns can only move forward one square at a time, except for their very first move where they can move forward two squares. Pawns can only capture one square diagonally in front of them.They can never move or capture backwards. If there is another piece directly in front of a pawn he cannot move past or capture that piece. picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. exd5 exd5 4. c4 dxc4 5. b3 cxb3 6. axb3 c5 7. dxc5 a5 8. f4 f6 9. g4 g5 10. fxg5 fxg5 11. h4 h6 12. h5 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN Promotion Pawns shed another special ability and that is that if a pawn reaches the other side of the board it can become any other chess piece (called promotion). A pawn may be promoted to any piece. NOTE A common misconception is that pawns may only be exchanged for a piece that has been captured. That is NOT true. A pawn is usually promoted to a queen. Only pawns may be promoted. picpicpic pic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. a7 f2 2. a8=Q f1=N+ 3. Kd3 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN En Passant The last rule about pawns is called en passant, which is French basically means in passing. If a pawn moves out two squares on its first move, and by doing so lands to the side of an opponents pawn (effectively jumping past the other pawns ability to capture it), that other pawn has the option of capturing the first pawn as it passes by. This special move must be done immediately after the first pawn has moved past, otherwise the option to capture it is no longer available.Click through the example below to better look this odd, but important rule. picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. e4 dxe3 2. dxe3 e5 3. fxe6 fxe6 4. g4 g5 5. h3 b5 6. axb6 axb6 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN Castling One other special rule is called castling.This move allows you to do two important things all in one move get your king to safety (hopefully), and get your rook out of the corner and into the game. On a players turn he may move his king two squares over to one side and then move the rook from that sides corner to right next to the king on the opposite side. (See the example below. ) In order to castle, however, it must meet the following conditions it must be that kings very first move it must be that rooks very first move there cannot be any pieces between the king and rook to move the king may not be in check or pass through check picpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. O-O O-O-O pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or b log html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN Notice that when you castle one direction the king is closer to the side of the board. That is called kingside. Castling to the other side, through where the queen sat, is called castling queenside. Regardless of which side, the king always moves only two squares when castling. Check and Checkmate As stated before, the purpose of the game is to first mate the opponents king.This happens when the king is put into check and cannot get out of check. There are only three ways a king can get out of check move out of the way (though he cannot castle ), block the check with another piece, or capture the piece threatening the king. If a king cannot escape checkmate then the game is over. Customarily the king is not captured or removed from the board, the game is simply declared over. picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. f3 e5 2. g4 Qh4 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN Draws Occasionally chess games do not end with a winner, but with a draw. There are 5 reasons why a chess game may end in a draw The position reaches a stalemate where it is one players turn to move, but his king is NOT in check and yet he does not have another legal move The players may simply agree to a draw and stop playingThere are not enough pieces on the board to force a checkmate (example a king and a bishop vs. a king) A player declares a draw if the same exact position is repeated three times (though not necessarily three times in a row) Fifty consecutive moves have been played where neither player has moved a pawn or captured a piece. Chess960 Chess960 (also called Fischer Random) is a chess variant that follows all of the normal rules of chess, but where the o pening theory does not play a large role in the game.The starting position of the pieces is randomly chosen by following only 2 rules the bishops must be on opposite colors, and there must be one rook on each side of the king. The black and white pieces are in a mirrored position. There are exactly 960 possible starting scenarios that follow these rules (thus the name 960). The only odd rule is with castling the rules are mostly the same (king and rook cannot have moved and cannot castle through check or in check), with the additional rule that the squares between where the king and castled rook will end up must be lazy from all pieces except the king and rook.For more info and examples, click here. Some Tournament Rules Many tournaments follow a set of common, similar rules. These rules do not necessarily apply to play at home or online. Touch-move If a player touches one of their own pieces they must move that piece as long as it is a legal move. If a player touches an opponents piece, they must capture that piece. A player who wishes to touch a piece only to adjust it on the board must first announce the intention, usually by saying adjust. Introduction to Clocks and TimersMost tournaments use timers to tempt the time spent on each game, not on each move. Each player gets the same amount of time to use for their entire game and can decide how to spend that time. Once a player makes a move they then touch a button or hit a lever to start the opponents clock. If a player runs out of time and the opponent calls the time, then the player who ran out of time loses the game (unless the opponent does not have enough pieces to checkmate, in which case it is a draw). Click here to watch two players quick playing a timed game of chess Basic StrategyThere are four simple things that every chess player should know picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. e4 d5 2. exd5 Qxd5 3. Nc3 Nc6 4. Nxd5 Nf6 5. Nxc7+ Kd8 6. Nxa8 Ne4 7. f3 Bf5 8. fxe4 Bxe4 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN 1 cheer your kingGet your king to the corner of the board where he is usually safer. siret put off castling. You should usually castle as quickly as possible. Remember, it doesnt matter how close you are to checkmating your opponent if your own king is checkmated first 2 Dont give pieces away Dont carelessly lose your pieces Each piece is important and you cant win a game without pieces to checkmate. There is an easy system that most players use to keep track of the relative value of each chess piece A pawn is price 1 A knight is worth 3 A bishop is worth 3 A rook is worth 5 A queen is worth 9 The king is infinitely valuableAt the end of the game these points dont mean anything it is simply a system you can use to make d ecisions while playing, helping you know when to capture, exchange, or make other moves. picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic 8 a b c d e f g 8 h 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 a b c d e f g h 1 pawnpromotion picpicpicpic 1. e4 a6 2. d4 h5 3. Nf3 Rh6 4. Bxh6 Nxh6 5. Bc4 b6 6. O-O f6 7. Nc3 g6 8. Re1 Bg7 9. Qd3 Bb7 10. Rd1 Qc8 11. e5 Qd8 12. Qxg6+ Kf8 13. exf6 Bxf6 14. Qxh6+ Ke8 15. Qg6+ Kf8 16.Qf7 pic Copy/paste the code below into your webpage or blog html to display this game pic HELPRESTARTSOLUTION P FLIPSHARE ANALYZE PGN 3 Control the nub You should try and control the center of the board with your pieces and pawns. If you control the center, you will have more room to move your pieces and will make it harder for your opponent to find good squares for his pieces. In the example below white makes good moves to control the center while black plays bad moves. 4 Use all of your pieces In the example above white got all of his pieces in the game Your pieces

Social Exclusion and Discrimination

Do we, as citizens, have the ability to be included, to function and to participate fully in the varied smells of directlys inn? This experiment will look at defining the terms described in the title by exploring research and theories that measure these problems. The essay will identify a group of wad who experience one of these struggles, citing evidence to confirm this. The essay will also look at what back be done to prevent batch being excluded, oppressed and co.uk/our-changing- high society/discriminated against.Sociology is the study of human well-disposed behaviour, especially the study of the backgrounds, groups, establishments, and development of human society, and around theories do to decide why and how to choose between alternative distinctions (Payne 2005). Theories are statements of ideas, and Fook (2002) states that putting names to things help provide explanations and understanding of practice. Payne (2005, p6) say that Because genial drub is a practical follow out in a complex world, a theory must offer a model of explicit guidance. There are divers(prenominal) sociological theories on social influences, and these are interesting in their comparisons.Emile Durkheim was a structural functionalist. He was also a positivist, believing that society con take ins to unwavering laws and that there is an objective reality(Giddens 2001). He operated within a framework that sees society as a complex structure or system in which the parts work in concert to promote cohesion and stability (Dubois & Prade 1990). Structure in this context implys to any stable pattern of social behaviour the function aspect is the examination of the consequences of individual actions for the operation of society as a whole.This perspective basically perceives all different parts of a society come together and work as one whole part, in which agent is underplayed. This could squiffy that if an individual or group does not work with the rest of society and so they may be excluded. Howe (2002) explains that sociology would be the backbone of the structural perspective within social work and would look at the political, economic and material environment in which mountain find themselves.He goes on to say that this theory encompasses an anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory perspective and that poverty, inequality and lack of social justice bathroom seriously disadvantage some people and that these disadvantages can contribute to poor social functioning. Structural theorists maintain that these people are not a problem to society but that society has become a problem for them. However, functionalism is often criticized for not adequately explaining change, and placing too much order on order and stability. (Haralambos et al 2004) The conflict theorists view the society from an objective and hierarchical point of view.In this perspective some individuals are inferior to society. The basis of social order is power or intimidation a nd the only way to change within the society is through a power struggle in which there is a lot of competition. societal class is extremely important in this perspective for it defines an individuals get in the pyramid of power. Karl Marx was the originator of the conflict theory and described societies like Britain as capitalistic systems whereby rich lockers and business owners with capital set up businesses which exploit working classes to generate maximum profits (Macionis & Plummer 2008).Therefore, according to this theory, the working classes could be discriminated against. Social exclusion is a multidimensional, dynamic concept which emphasises the processes of change through which individuals or groups are excluded from the mainstream of society and their life chances reduced. (Philip & Shucksmith 1999. ) There is no agreed translation of social exclusion, but there are considered to be conditions that many agree are contributing factors.Shaw et al (2006) descri bed social exclusion as bear upon individuals or areas that suffer from linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing, bad health, high crime and family breakdowns. So it has been found that living in a deprived area can drive a person into extreme poverty and/or social exclusion. (Haan et al. 1987, p 989). Therefore, we can conclude that social exclusion is mainly associated with the above circumstances but it is also linked to a lack of social support, social position and empowerment.White (1998) describes the processes leading to social exclusion including economic change, demographic change, changes to welfare systems and processes of segregation and separation of certain minority groups. Social exclusion is not just about individuals, it can refer to whole communities within which everyone can be affected. For example, areas with high levels of unemployment and deprivation. Sooman & Macintyre (1995) reported that studies in Glasgow showed di fferences in self-reported health between local areas, with more advantaged areas showing few health problems.In the mid 1990s, this country was distinguished by high levels of social exclusion, with the highest rates in Europe of taskless households and teenage pregnancies (www. socialexclusionunit. gov. uk). Many of these figures worsen during the 1990s and crime, poverty, exclusion from school and drug/alcohol dependency became significant problems. Nowadays, the concept of social exclusion is taking over from poverty. It does not just mean poor income, it suggests something more than social inequality and so it carries the risk of a multi-tier society or the relegation to the status of the welfare dependent. Robbins, cited in Alcock, 1997).We could, of course, ask the wonder why is social exclusion a problem? Why should we care about person who does not participate in refer activities of the society in which he or she lives? (Burchardt et al, 2002). After all, not everybod y chooses to conform to social norms. So, what if an individual has used their personal autonomy to deliberately exclude themselves from society? A cloistered who prefers solitude to company, a youth who chooses to join a criminal gang rather than pursue a career, or the rich people who lock themselves forth at the other end of the social scale?Do all these people constitute a social problem, and if so, is it the same manikin of problem as those who are socially excluded for reasons beyond their control? (British Journal of Psychiatry 2007. 191). There is, in society, an expectation that people conform to social norms, and if someone behaves or looks other than from what is expected then they could be subject to disparity, whether their lifestyle is their own choice or has been forced upon them. To discriminate, briefly define, means to victimize or favour a group or individual because of social, economic, race, gender or religious reasons.The law in Britain recognises two kind s of discrimination direct and indirect. Direct discrimination occurs when, as defined above, a group or individual is targeted for specific reasons. Indirect discrimination can happen when there are rules or regulations set in place which could exclude certain people. For instance, an employer may state that no hats or headwear are to be worn in the workplace. This could indirectly discriminate against people of certain culturality whose faith states that they cover their heads.Discrimination and social exclusion have certain similarities and can be compared by drawing attention to the different types of social discrimination experience by people. Discriminatory behaviours take many forms but they all involve some sort of exclusion or rejection. These behaviours can be looked at in different ways for example, anthropologically. Anthropology as a discipline gives powerful insight to personal views and asks the fundamental question, how and why do human beings behave the way they do (Bronowski 1952) and compares the historical development of human society.This can be used in social work by enabling workers to understand different human behaviours and why they may be a product of society. As stated above, discrimination and social exclusion can have similar aspects but a key difference between them are the consequences that can come from discrimination, such as the policies put in place to ensure fair practice for those people who could be discriminated against by illness, age or gender. The core examples of these are the Disability, Age and Sex Discrimination policies now in place.These policies ensure that, legally, people can no long-run be discriminated against for having a disability, being too old or too young or because of their gender. The social composition of a population affects the ways in which social discrimination is exercised. In a society with people of duple identities, for example ethnicity and religion, individuals or groups are likely to face discriminatory problems in multiple ways. The extent and types of discrimination will depend on peoples status in the population.Similarly, oppression is also multifaceted and can be caused by fear of someone different, or someone who does not conform to what is thought to be the norm in social standing. It is important to recognise the common themes across the areas of exclusion, discrimination and oppression. Thompson (2006, p40) stated that Oppression can be defined as inhuman or degrading treatment of individuals or groups hardship and injustice brought about by the control of one group over another.There are many parallels between the experiences of people with disabilities, gender issues, homosexuals and ethnic minorities but oppression and discrimination cannot be explained scarcely by peoples personal prejudices. Oppression does not derive simply from individual actions, it can be built into structural and institutional patterns and organisational policies. (Thomps on 2001) The fact that we live in a highly stratified society means that inequalities are part of the social order and there are inevitably winners and losers. (Thompson 2001) Rooney (1987) gives an example of this.He describes how a local authority used a word of mouth process to recruit home-help staff. When there were vacancies for these jobs, the existing predominantly white employees would be asked to pass on information of the vacancies to friends and/or family. This meant that knowledge of the posts would only be passed on to a predominantly white group of people, some of whom would be interviewed and consequently employed. Because of this, black and ethnic minorities were systematically excluded, even though it may have been unintentional.There are many authorities and organisations that can be seen as being guilty of this kind of institutional oppression, with the ideas of powerful groups becoming dominant over the minority as quoted by Marx in 1845 The ideas of the ruling class are, in every age, the ruling ideas. Whilst anyone can experience social exclusion, discrimination or oppression, it has been found that certain groups are more vulnerable to them and that they are all linked to a certain degree. It is usually a combination of factors that contribute to social exclusion, thus make it a multidimensional process and not caused by a single unique factor.Madanipour et al 1998, cited in Byrne 2005). One group in particular that experience social exclusion are people that suffer from mental illness. It could be that the majority of cast out attitudes towards mental illness are simply a reflection of the lack of understanding of various mental health conditions, and this could have a bearing on any initiative to combat such prejudice in the future. Link et al (1999) reported that though there has been some improvement of general understanding, the public, largely, does longing to maintain social distance from the mentally ill.Hocking (2003) foun d that people with schizophrenia, specifically, were subject to discrimination in housing, education and employment. Although the public perception of mental illness has been examine vastly, there are few studies to date that concentrate on how the public perceive mental illness within the workplace. Williams and Wilkins (1998) reported that when human resources officers were given vignettes of job applications where the applicants had very similar skills and qualifications, applicants who described themselves as having depression significantly reduced their chance of employment compared to that of applicants with diabetes.Baldwin and Johnson (2004) stated that workers with mental health problems were subject to a greater discrimination and suffered a lower employability ranking than workers suffering from a physical illness. Research also acknowledges that mental illness receives a greater amount of negativism than that of a physical illness. Britt (2000) reported that among mili tary service members there was a strong belief that admitting to psychological or mental health problems at work would make them more discriminated against than admitting to physical problems.Over half of the participants of the report believed that a military service members career would be negatively affected by admitting a psychological problem and just under half actually admitted that they would maintain a distance from a co-worker has he or she disclosed a psychological problem. Rush et al (2005) identified 3 known misconceptions linked to people with mental illness i)They are murderous maniacs that should be avoided ii) They are rebellious free spirits iii) They have childlike perceptions of the worldThe well-nigh measurable of these is the first one which could explain some of the exclusion, discrimination and oppression suffered by people with mental health problems. The government has encouraged action in the employment of people with mental illness through its action p lan on social exclusion (Social Exclusion Task Force 2006), but levels of unemployment are still significantly high for sufferers even though most of them want to, and are able to work. They usually end up on long term benefit and suffer social exclusion in the form of deprivation, isolation and physical, as well as mental, ill health.Social support is of crucial sizeableness to individuals and groups with mental health problems, and, maybe if there was more effrontery between people, along with more community cohesion and empowerment, there might be a greater understanding of the difficulties encountered by people with mental health problems and society would discriminate less. In conclusion then, it would seem that there are many similarities between social exclusion, discrimination and oppression. All of these subjects evoke a strong, affective response from those affected by them.In the UK alone, there are still thousands of people who are in poverty, homeless or have mental health problems and who are consequently excluded from aspects of society or discriminated against. This is despite interventions from health and social care workers from all sectors, the government and educational facilities. PCTs and providers are working hard and making significant progress in improving the accessibility and quality of primary health care in order to keep people healthier for lasting and reduce health inequalities (www. wdc. org. uk).Community social work, which was used at the introduction of the welfare state, is going through a regeneration period and the introduction of certain(a) Start and Family Centres on what the government describes as Sink Estates enables the socially excluded to access services and skills to enable them to feel part of society. As with all government initiatives, people regard services with suspicion but social workers are in a position to build trusting and therapeutic relationships within the community.Therefore, although progress is slow, it is not unattainable. There is now evidence, however, which demonstrates that we need to go further to improve the way we meet the primary health care needs of the most socially excluded people within our society, as socially excluded clients often do not show up on needs assessments. The Inclusion Health study (www. swdc. org. uk) has also produced an slight supporting evidence pack which commissioners can use to help build the case for improvement.There is a clear need for people who work with socially excluded people to stay within a framework of guidelines. For example, social workers need to develop an understanding of the problems that can occur within peoples lives and employ anti-oppressive practice in all aspects of care. It is possible that socially excluded groups feel disempowered and unable to do anything to help themselves and it is the duty of the social worker to hand back power to the service user whilst recognising the personal, cultural and social fact ors affecting the individual or family in question.There needs to be adequate assessments linked to helping people to solve problems and a sound knowledge of what can cause exclusion or discrimination by using research based evidence. Howe (1993) emphasized the importance of process in evaluation and there are several ways to implement this for example through personal perceptions, evidence from service users, colleagues and supervisors and advice from other professionals or individuals involved. In short however, the only way to eliminate exclusion of any sort is to raise awareness in the shortfalls of society and eradicate prejudice, bigotry and ignorance.

Environmental Analysis Paper Essay

Hospitality is one of those lines of business paths that be widespread. In Australia, Brisbane hotel provides a wide assortment of properties-budget, trade, tourist, lavishness, tooshie and breakfasts and apartments housing. Moreover, Holiday City Brisbane hotels offer comfort, excellence and great worth for the money, perfect for leisure time and commerce affecters. This paper seeks to examine the environmental analysis of Brisbane hotel in Australia. (Higham, 2005, p. 98) 1. Industry Analysis On the foundation analysis unaccompanied, Brisbane commercialise appears to be a suitable market for an augment in populate supply.On the other(a) hand thither are a number of other considerations such as access to capital, augmented building and labour outlay. (Addis, 2006, p. 103) Brisbane is find on the eastern coast it is the capital of Queensland-Australias cutting mete of state tourist area. It is Australia best ever growing city region in southwest East Queensland and occ upies 1,140 square kilometers. (King, 1997, p. 88) For a property shareholder, a significant indicator of hotel viability will be measure out versus building monetary value. Hotel values have not unbroken rate with the enlargement in building costs.See more how to write an analysis of a research paperHotel values sky rocketed in 1997 beforehand adynamic to a cyclical low-pitched of $161K per room in 2001. Building costs on the other hand have augmented each year, moribund only margin solelyy in 2001 in reaction to the worldwide financial downturn. (Garling, 1991, p. 100) The low point of hotel values were 62 per cent of building costs and up to now as they have augmented by around 10 per cent per annum over the last louver years double the rate of building costs, the elaborateness gap is still 20 per cent at present. This gap will differ across the cities of Australia.(Kohen, 1995, p. 90) The porters five forces model is a straight tool that supports premeditated understand ing where authority lies in an industry situation. It also helps to comprehend both the strength of Brisbane existing cutthroat fructify, and the potency of a position Brisbane is in search to move into. Regardless of the fact that the five force structure focuses on commerce c at one timerns rather than community policy, it also emphasizes comprehensive controversy for value to a certain extent than just competition amongst existing rivals.(Freeland, 1968, p. 115) The innovative cutthroat forces model as projected by Porter hold five forces which would impact on an organizations performance in a cutthroat market. These include the following (Swaffer, 2002, p. 102) i) The Degree of Rivalry The degree of rivalry, which is the close noticeable of the five forces in the hotel industry, helps decide the extent to which the value fashioned by a business will be dissolute through head to head contest. (Cunill, 2006, p.78) Perth has over playn Brisbane as Australias number one hotel ba zaar after having strengthened its bazaar leader position all through each seat during 2007 to record the uppermost Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) expansion, highest ADR expansion and uppermost tenancy result (82. 5%) for the full year. (Richards, 2006, p. 120) Hotel section analysis in the ternion main markets of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane reveal that 5-star hotels are driving the sturdy bazaar performance.All the three cities recorded twofold figure RevPAR expansion during 2007 which is higher than the lower-tier segments. (Jamieson, 2006, p. 115) ii) The Threat of launching Both the prospective and obtainable competitors influence standard business productivity. The threat of new entrants is frequently based on the bazaar entry barriers. They can take varied forms and are used to avert an influx of firms into a business at any time profits attuned for the cost of capital goes up above zero.(Higham, 2005, p. 104) The most widespread forms of entry barriers include eco nomies of scale, cost of entrance such as investment into expertise distribution channels such as soothe of admission for competitors cost compensation not connected to the size of the corporation and government legislation. (Swaffer, 2002, p. 105) In a cutthroat market, all firms fabricate a standardised product. This means the goods presented by a variety of sellers are mainly identical.Since competition is based exclusively on the price, and the merchandise is homogenous, it then follows that buyers will buy from whoevers product is cheapest, and this is also applicable in the hotel industry in the sense that tourist will choose to check inn to a hotel which they are crime syndicatelike with the price therefore each producers is requisite to take up the least-cost method of fabrication and all surplus profits and losses will in the yearn run be abolished by entrance to, or exit from the business. (Addis, 2006, p. 108)Australia is in threat of becoming a lattice exporter of t ourists in 2008 as strong expansion in outbound travel outpaces inbound tourist arrivals. The recently released Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Overseas Arrivals and Departures data reveals that arrivals have exposed some revival in the primary two months of 2008 (up 1. 7%), outbound travel has augmented by a staggering 14. 5%. (King, 1997, p. 94) The major competitor of Brisbane hotel is Sydney. However this was in the past. Sydney attracts a broad range of commerce events, and these proceedings tend to be larger than regular.Whereas the National Business Events Study (NBES) establish that New South Wales hosted 27 part of the entire meetings in Australia in 2003, this represented 40 percent of the entire delegates. In terms of standard occasion size, Sydney hosted the biggest proceedings (roughly 162 delegates per event), followed by the Gold bank (102), Melbourne (96), Adelaide (92), the ACT (89) and Perth (80). (Jamieson, 2006, p. 123) Nevertheless, this position is bein g windswept as other adduces are attracting an escalating percentage of intercontinental trade proceedings delegates.Queensland is to some extent differently positioned. Because of its main(prenominal) coastal resort cities, it has key conference amenities at Cairns and the Gold Coast, as well as Brisbane. When these three locations are taken jointly, it reveals that in the nineties they jointly held only about half as numerous meetings as Sydney. Ever since, their position has augmented considerably and in the epoch 2003-2005 they held about as several meetings as did Sydney. (Swaffer, 2002, p. 110) iii) The Threat of SubstitutesA threat from substitutes exists if there are substitute products with inferior prices of improved performance parameters for the equivalent function. They could potentially draw a momentous proportion of bazaar volume and for this reason reduce the possible sales volume for existing troupe. This category also relates to balancing products. The threat of telephone exchange is also influenced by switching costs such as retraining, retooling and redesigning that are incurred when a consumer switches to a dissimilar kind of product or service. (Higham, 2005, p. 111)Brisbane hotel faces the barricade of cost of setting up such as renting or owning building and licensing faced by new-fangled entrant. Even though firms in a monopolistically cutthroat market do face a low barrier to entry, the firms vend differentiated products, therefore causing new-fangled firms harder to be recognized. For example Pier Nine Oyster block up and Seafood Gril in Brisbane is a well-liked seafood restaurant. It then follows that a new seafood restaurant may have intricacy attracting clientele because of Piers recognized reputation. (Addis, 2006, p. 114) iv) Buyer index fingerBuyer power is one of the two level forces that control the misappropriation of the value fashioned by Brisbane hotel industry. The most imperative determinants of buyer power are th e size and the attendance of clientele. Other factors are the degree to which the buyers are well-versed and the attention of the competitors. (Jamieson, 2006, p. 130) Brisbane hotels come in all the shapes and sizes one would expect from Australias third biggest city-the enormous names like Hilton, Marriott and Sheraton are all there, all along with loads of self-governing establishments which vary from extremely quirky to absolute dirty.Similar to any bed where you relax your head, you acquire what you disburse for. Moreover, at the cheaper end of the range, a flawlessly contented room in an essential visitor hotel in the heart of the city like the Nomads will place you back about $80 a night at reserve rates, whereas a two bedroom suite in the historical 5 star Conrad Treasury Casino will cost you roughly $220 if you are looking less than two weeks ahead-which is fairly of high-quality for a five star hotel. (King, 1997, p. 101) v) Supplier PowerThis is a reflect icon of the buy er power. As an end result, the examination of supplier power characteristically focuses primary on the relative size and attention of suppliers comparative to commerce involvement in the inputs supplied. (Garling, 1991, p. 107) The aptitude to charge clientele different prices in line with differenced in the value fashioned for each of those buyers more often than not indicates that the bazaar is characterized by high dealer power and at the same occasion by low buyer power.(Kohen, 1995, p. 97) Brisbane hotel is an outstanding example to other main hotel markets in the steady preamble of new supply, as opposed to gesticulate of new-fangled hotel developments flooding the bazaar once the market conditions become encouraging. A slow but stable flow of new stockpile goes a long way towards sustainably increasing the market without causing occupancies and revenues to fall. (Cunill, 2006, p. 91) 2. External Stakeholders and Broad environment External stakeholdersThese encompass real la nd agents, state visitor offices, developers, financiers, body business service providers, hotels with a strata title attention and administration human rights brokers. (Swaffer, 2002, p. 118) The assortment of community schemes is echoed in the range of lawmaking schemes that subsist across Australia. One of the basic differences across jurisdictions is the terms and lawful pious platitude used to explain key features in Brisbane hotel. This difficulty poses realistic problems for stakeholders in general and for practitioners who are required to function athwart state boundaries.(King, 1997, p. 117) Broad Environment This consists of four significant factors such as current social forces, global economic forces, global political forces and technological innovations. (Garling, 1991, p. 114) i) Current social forces Given that travel was a requirement for numerous workers at the turn of the century, it then follows that homosexuality action in countryside contexts and urban public s paces was inextricably associated. The features of superior population areas, sporting in Brisbane hotel and larger local areas were also noticeable in lesser urban settlements.(Higham, 2005, p. 116) ii) Global economic forces Australias four principal city lodging markets enjoyed a record year of tenancy levels in 2007, with the outlook for 2008 being evenly as optimistic in spite of far from ideal theme and worldwide market circumstances. (Kohen, 1995, p. 101) Australia Bureau of statistics (ABS) data released for the full year 2007 shows that for the initial time the internal city hotel bazaar of Brisbane has achieved tenancy levels over 80% averaged all through the year.This performance underscores Australias confrontation to the universal monetary slowdown as trade travel remains burly. High occupancies are also a side-effect of the capital boom, which is supporting Brisbane hotel markets as local centres for these resource-based state economies. (Addis, 2006, p. 122) With con tinuous expansion in accommodation demand, thanks to affluent economic environment and sturdy market essentials, Australias chief city markets of Brisbane will see occupancies linger high and proceeds increase. (Garling, 1991, p. 119)The majority multicultural cities are Melbourne and Sydney. Both cities are well-known for the vicissitude and quality of universal foods available in their many restaurants, and Melbourne particularly promoted itself as a hub for the arts therefore posing a threat for Brisbane hotel in Australia. (Jamieson, 2006, p. 134) iii) proficient innovations True commerce innovation does take place through a variety of mechanisms such as commerce strategy, organization practices, procedure alteration, and assets investment in new-fangled plant and equipment.To be familiar with this, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) by now has events of technological innovation. (Cunill, 2006, p. 103) iv) Global political forces The worldwide hotel business recorded op timistic summing up in standard daily rate and proceeds per obtainable room for the month of July 2008 this is according to the statistics from Smith Travel Research (STR). Moreover, fashion hotels are an element of a speedy development in the market for lavishness recognized customer products. This was incorporated prior to the political situation that arose in Australia. (Higham, 2005, p.121) 3. Factors that Influence the firmaments demand and cost structures i) Technological innovation This has debatably been the leading factor in determining fiscal services of Brisbane hotel in the past two decades. Systems for traffic out, communicating and sturdy information are an indispensable element of the infrastructure sustaining fiscal activities. (Kohen, 1995, p. 112) Technology has connected markets around the globe and opened cross-border delivery of both wholesale and retail fiscal products. This has created a competitive advantage to Brisbane hotel in Australia.(Freeland, 1968 , p. 119) ii) International Integration This has resulted prior to technological advances and as a result there has been a rising tendency towards multinational integration amongst financial markets. In numerous areas of the Australian bazaar, predominantly those connected with across-the-board funding, international markets have replaced home markets as the main source of finance. A result of globalization is that competition between fiscal service providers occurs internationally to a certain extent than at the state or local level.Globalization has spawned a production of institutional shareholders who control huge portfolios and have particular loyalty to products and state marketplace and then boosting Brisbane hotel financial status. (Swaffer, 2002, p. 125) iii) Changing customer needs Markets developments have also been fashioned by changing customer needs. In Australia, the most clear of these has been the enlargement of apply superannuation and the accompanying enlargeme nt in the finance administration business.This has resulted to Brisbane hotel modifying their products and services so as to satisfy the customer since the customer is the king. (Freeland, 1968, p. 121) iv) New Entrants These factors have support new-fangled entrants and innovative ways of doing business. For instance, unlike a decade ago, hotels and construction societies are at present extremely aware of the competition that they face from securitizes. This has made Brisbane hotel and other industries formulate strategies of dealing with new entrants. (King, 1997, p. 126) 4.Strategic Issues facing Organizations in hotel sector i) Location Brisbane is a low-lying terrain mass positioned in a floodplain. Nevertheless, this has worked to the benefit of the hotel. Brisbane is rigid along the Brisbane River and is neighboring to the Great Dividing Range and the Moreton Bay. This has generated a lot of income since it serves as a tourist attraction base. (Garling, 1991, p. 122) ii) Cl imate Geologically, Brisbane hotel is situated contentedly in the States Southeast corner, at the oceanfront of the Pacific Ocean to the east.Because of this, it then follows that many inhabitants and vacationers from Melbourne and Sydney come over and expend winter in Brisbane thus boosting the hotels revenue. (Higham, 2005, p. 128) iii) Events and Festivals some(prenominal) events and festivals have also boost up tourism in Brisbane hotel. For instance Brisbane River Festival is usually held in the middle of September every year. In addition to this, Brisbane is becoming a well-liked sports destination in all of Australia and not just in Queensland.It has previously hosted the Commonwealth Games and Rugby World Cup and still hosted a number of events for the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. This has generated a lot of income for the Brisbane hotel. Moreover, Brisbane is proposing to support and hold the 2024 Olympics. This will generate the country lots and lots of revenue. (Jamieson, 2006, p. 136) Conclusion The event trade in Australia continues to thrive and events are more and more viewed as vehicles for the facilitation of local growth.Regions may be fashioned for various reasons, counting economic plans, and debatably such economic purpose will decide the most suitable set of local restrictions, the types of local organizations that will be established and the kinds of local policies and programs that will be implemented. Moreover, technological innovation, international integration, changing customer needs and new entrants have contributed towards the hotel formulating strategies in order to satisfy their customers and as a result Brisbane hotel has maintained a competitive edge thus earning profitable foreign exchange from the tourists.

Effectiveness of Dibels

Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) Validity and its Relationship with variation Comprehension trigger to look for Reading suaveness is considered an integral component of the read process and it has a big bearing in the classroom. Its importance became evident since the National Reading control board (2000) pronounced fluency instruction and judicial decision an essential and was therefore incorpo posed into the see First guide follows of No electric shaver unexpended Behind in 2002 (Shelton, Altwerger, &Jordan, 2009).Reading fluency has been defined in umpteen ways an outcome of decoding and scholarship, a contributor to two decoding and comprehension, the ability to recognize words rapidly and accurately, the lodges lecturers make mingled with the natural phrasing when address and the phrasal segmentation when or twainy practice, among others (Abadiano &Turner, 2005).Nevertheless, Roehrig, Petscher, Nettles, Hudson and Torgesen (2008) s tate that perhaps fluency is best defined as having triple main components, word recognition accuracy, automaticity, and prosody. Reading with accuracy is the savants ability to read with hardly a(prenominal) or no errors. Reading with automaticity is the students ability to recognize words quickly with little effort quantifying the students reading rate. Prosody is the students ability to read with expression such as suing intonation, stress patterns, and phrasing.Due to No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Reading First program, which requires that validated standardized reading fluency assessments be enforced to come up monitor and identify any readers that might not be making sufficient gain to be at punctuate level, the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) is one of the few empirically validated assessments to progress monitor fluency (Roehring et al, 2008). The purpose of this literary works review is to explore the validity of DIBELS and its blood with r eading comprehension.Students who shew prereading skill deficits often fall even further behind in ulterior elementary years. Alternately, students who keep in line essential reading skills in primary grades ar able to maintain progress in later educational years. According to Goffreda, James, and Pedersen (2009) this is known as the Matthew Effect, in which the rich find oneself richer, while the poor get poorer. They furthermore state that not only does illiteracy imit school success by means ofout the life match but that it is also associated with social problems such as school dropout, incarceration, and homelessness (Gofreda, James, & Pederson, 2009). It is this realization, along with the National Reading Panels recommendations, that led to the focus on former(a) identification and precursors, such as DIBELS, in golf-club to identify early literacy interventions. The National Institute for Literacy recommended DIBELS as a scientifically researched based assessment and thus DIBELS was adopted in many states (Shelton, Altwerger, & Jordan, 2009).Furthermore, early literacy individual growth and development indicators (EL-IGDIs) are also universe put in place for pre-kindergarten children in some states (McCormick & Haack, 2011). Geofrada, James, and Pederson (2009) state that first grade has been identified as a particular critical period since the probability (88 percent) of poor readers remain so until fourth grade or higher grades. They found DIBELS indicators scores were prophetical of district and state standardized exams.Gonzales, Vannest, and Reid (2008) conducted a examine to discriminate the usefulness of first grade DIBELS to populations other than the general population, more specifically to students identified or at risk for emotional and behavior disorders. The researchers in this work found that DIBELS are efficient and good for identification of at-risk students for populations other than general education students. In concurren ce with these studies, Scheffel, Lefly, and Houser (2012) found that DIBELS is an effective tool in identifying side of meat Language Learners (ELLs) who may be at risk for underachieving in reading.Combined, these studies affirm the validity of DIBELS for all students, including ELLs and students identified as having emotional and behavior disorders. However, In a more complex think, Yesil-Dagli (2009) found that on average, ELL students who are eligible for free or reduced price lunch compared to those not eligible for free or reduced lunch, Hispanic ELL students compared to White ELL students, and male ELL students compared to female ELL students, read fewer words at the beginning of first grade and demonstrate a slower growth rate.This directly impacts their fluency rate in DIBELS. Paleologos and Brabham (2011) found that DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency (DORF) is effective for predicting the performance of high-income students in overall reading standardized tests but not low-inc ome students. According to their research, high-income students demonstrate higher abilities in reading fluency, vocabulary, and reading comprehension in comparison to low-income students although both groups had achieved benchmark proficient scores in DIBELS.Furthermore, Shelton, Altwerger, and Jardon (2009) analyzed the relationship between DIBELS (DORF) and authentic reading and found that students employ different reading approaches when reading for a DIBELS test and when reading for authentic literature. That is, when students read a passage in a DIBELS test, they do so in a quick manner to achieve a high rate, but when reading authentic literature the reader slows down to read for comprehension.They found that readers in their study read almost half as many words when reading literature than they did as they read for fluency assessments (Shelton, Altwerger, & Jardon, 2009). This in turn does not resound the true reading rate when testing for DIBELS. To conclude their study, t he authors of this study state that their info showed no connection between DORF scores and students comprehension when reading authentic literature. There have been both strong positive and strong negative research studies regarding the validity of DIBELS and its relationship with reading comprehension.Furthermore, a study conducted by Martin and Shapiro (2011) found that t separatelyers judgments, although having strong correlations to student performance, was consistently and significantly overestimated when compared to students actual DIBELS performance. not only that, but another study conducted by Hoffman, Jenkins, and Dunlap (2009) found that educators were not clear about how DIBELS information should inform and guide their instruction or were not even sure that DIBELS aligned with state-mandated testing.Future research is need in this area. Nevertheless, in states that have DIBELS in place as an assessment to comply with the No Child Left Behind stipulations, DIBELS is p resent for teachers and their students. It is important then, that teachers recognize the vast variables in research regarding the validity and relationship to reading comprehension, and as with any assessment, not use DIBELS as the sole criterion when determining student achievement.It should be kept in mind that fluency is only a part of the reading process. However, collectible to the fact that DIBELS is in place in many states, perhaps an area of concern that arises in the literature is how DIBELS data-drives instruction. That is, how do schools use DIBELS data to drive instruction? This is especially important since this literature review discussed the study by Hoffman, Jenkins, and Dunlap (2009) who found that teachers are not clear as to how DIBELS data should guide their instruction.If this writer were to enlist a tentative research design pertaining to this literature review, the research question would be In price of qualitative data, how do teachers in Crane School Dis trict13 and Yuma District 1 use their DIBELS data to drive teacher instruction? The purpose of the research would be to find effective ways schools use DIBELS data to drive teacher instruction. The data would be collected through interviews, questionnaires and observations methods.This type of compendium in known as qualitative study however, quantitative data will also be apply when analyzing and reporting information from the surveys and questionnaires. This is also known as a multiple or intricate method. According to the learning in introduction to research, the best studies include both qualitative and quantitative data. The participants in the study would be administrators, coaches, and teachers. The responses they give will provide triangulation to the study, that is, validate that all participants know exactly how the data is driving the instruction taking place in the classroom.The exact amount of participants is not known since the study is not being conducted yet and forms have not been signed. However, it would be random sampling at each school to ensure that survey results can be statistically representative of the schools. The instrumentation that would be utilise for the study would be DIBELS data, surveys, and questionnaires. Observations would also be used to triangulate the information from the surveys and questionnaires. The research time line would be approximately two to three months.One month to gather participants and administer the questionnaires and surveys, another month to exert the actual data driven instruction in the classroom, and another month to analyze the data. The survey would include the following tentative questions 1. What steps are taken to analyze DIBELS data? 2. Once the data is analyzed, how are the results used to drive teachers instruction for students classified as at-risk? 3. Once the data is analyzed, how are the results used to drive teachers instruction for students classified as some-risk? 4.Once the dat a is analyzed, how are the results used to drive teachers instruction for students classified as low risk? References Abadiano, H. R. (2005). Reading fluency The road to developing efficient and effective readers. The New England Reading Association Journal, 41(1), 50-56. Goffreda C. T, Diperna J. C. , & Pedersen, J. A. (2009). Preventive screening of early readers Predictive validity of the dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills (DIBELS). Psychology in the Schools, 46(6), 539-552. doi 10. 1002/pits. 20396 Gonzales, J.E. , Vannest K. J. , & Reid, R. (2008). Early categorization of reading performance in children identified or at risk for emotional and behavi literal disorders A discriminant analysis using the dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills (DIBELS). Journal of At-Risk Issues, 14(1), 33-40. Hoffman A. R. , Jenkins J. E. , & Dunlap S. K. (2009). Using DIBELS A survey of purposes and practices. Reading Psychology, 30, 1-16. Martin S. D. , & Shapiro E. S. (2011). Examining the accuracy of teachers judgments of DIBELS performance.Psychology in the Schools, 48(4), 343-356. McCormick, C. E. , & Haack R. (2011). Early literacy individual growth and development indicators (EL-IGDIS) as predictors of reading skills in kindergarten through second grade. International Journal of Psychology A Biopsychosocial Approach / Tarptautinis psichologijos zurnalas Biopsichosocialinis poziuris, 7, 29-40. National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching children to read, an evidence-based assessmnet of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction.Washington, DC National Institute of Child health and Human Development. Paleologos T. M. , & Brabham E. G. (2011). The effectiveness of DIBELS oral reading fluency for predicting reading comprehension of high-and-low income students. Reading Psychology, 32, 54-74. Roehrig A. D. , Petscher, Y. , Nettles S. M. , Hudson, R. , & Torgesen J. K. (2008). Accuracy of the DIBELS or al reading fluency measure for predicting third grade reading comprehension outcomes. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 343-366. Scheffel, D. , Lefly D. , & Houser, J. (2012).The predictive utility of DIBELS reading assessment of reading comprehension among third grade slope language learners and English speaking children. Reading Improvement, 49(3), 75-95. Shelton, N. R. , Altwerger, B. , & Jordan, N. (2009). Does DIBELS put reading first? Literacy Research and Instruction, 49(2), 137-148. Yesil-Dagli, U. (2009). Predicting ELL students beginning first grade English oral reading fluency from initial kindergarten vocabulary, letter naming, and phonological awareness skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26, 15-29.

Portraying the Carpe diem Theme through Poetry Essay

The two rimes, Robert Herricks To The Virgins, To Make Much of clipping and Andrew Marvells To His demure Mistress, both employ the carpe diem (seize the day) theme. Using both stock and original imageries, they in effect(p)ly grade the message across the reader that succession runs and keeps running so that one should enjoy the pleasures of hit the sack and comminute while in ones youth. However, the manners in which the two poets express this theme disagree from each other. The tang, metaphors and other poetic devices present in the two poems convey varied effects to the judging of the readers as to how the carpe diem theme should be considered.Herricks poem is the simpler and more urgent of the two. Throughout the 16 lines comprising the piece, Herrick systematically paints by means of his metaphors the image of impending death and loss thus creating the sense of urgency in regard of his cause, which is for the virgins, to whom he is addressing the poem, to get marri ed while they are young. The images of Old Timea-flying (line 2) followed by a gush (that) smiles today/ Tomorrow will be dying (lines 3-4) both allude to the temporariness of beauty and youth. In contrast, To His Coy Mistress is a more complex way of expounding the theme.While Marvell also exhorts the woman, by whom the poem is being addressed to, to travel and seize the available opportunities while she is still young, there is a tone of hopefulness and optimism accompanying the sense of urgency. The poet begins by presenting hyperboles as to how he would like his love to begrowing through time, from ten years before the FloodTill the conversion of the Jews (lines 8 and 10). He would like to light enjoy the romantic experience, spending An hundred yearsto praise/ Thine eyesTwo hundred to esteem each breast,/ But thirty thousand to the rest (lines 13-16). He call forths that the reason for this is that his lover deserve this state/ Nor would I love at lower rate (lines 19-20). Only in the second stanza does Marvell present the carpe diem strip by presenting a similar personification of Time present in Herricks poem. In Marvells Time rides a winged chariot hurrying near (line 22). He follows this with frightening imageries of death such as how, if the woman keeps resisting, in the end worms shall try/ That long preserved virginity (lines 27-28). This sudden shift from ravishing romantic metaphors in the first stanza to the images of death in the second stanza actually makes the theme more effective and urgent to the reader. The shock element of death makes the young reader consider the theme and really hurry to enjoy loves pleasures while it is too late. Finally, while Herricks poem suggests that life and love is only worth it when youth and blood are warmer/ But being spent, the worse (lines 10-11), suggesting that everything is declivitous after youth, Marvell thinks that love is a consolation for humans against the ravages of Time.The final lines , Though we cannot make our sun/ endorse still, yet we will make him run (lines 45-46), suggest that although death is inevitable, loving is a way by which we can forget thought process some old age and death. Carpe diem poems all seek to send the said(prenominal) message to the reader to grab the opportunities present in youth for once these are gone, they can neer be reclaimed nor repeated.Herrick and Marvell both wrote poems to illustrate this point using varied metaphors like the personification of Time rushing by, the rising and dying of the Sun and other temporal objects like flowers and birds. Herricks poem is the guileless carpe diem poem, urging the reader to enjoy youth and make much of it because everything is temporary, while Marvell incorporates an additional point about how seizing love during ones youth is a way to distract one from thinking about how temporary youth is in ones life.